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3rd Annual Bathing Girl Review Galveston Texas May 1922

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Competition mostly based on concrete attributes

A dazzler pageant or dazzler contest is a competition that has traditionally focused on judging and ranking the concrete attributes of the contestants. Pageants have at present evolved to include inner beauty, with criteria covering judging of personality, intelligence, talent, character, and charitable involvement, through private interviews with judges and answers to public on-stage questions. The term beauty pageant refers originally to the Big 4 international beauty pageants.

Pageant titles are subdivided into Miss, Mrs. or Ms., and Teen – to clearly identify the difference betwixt pageant divisions. Hundreds and thousands of dazzler contests are held annually,[1] but the Big 4 are considered the most prestigious,[2] widely covered and circulate past media.[3] For instance, The Wall Street Journal,[4] BBC News,[v] CNN,[half dozen] Xinhua News Agency,[vii] and global news agencies such as Reuters,[8] [nine] Associated Press[10] and Agence French republic-Presse[eleven] [12] collectively refer to the iv major pageants as "Big 4" namely: Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International, and Miss World.[13] [xiv] [15]

The organizers of each pageant may determine the rules of the contest, including the age range of contestants. The rules may as well crave the contestants to exist unmarried, and be "virtuous", "amateur", and bachelor for promotions, also other criteria. It may likewise ready the clothing standards in which contestants will be judged, including the type of swimsuit.

Dazzler pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions. For example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. Child beauty pageants mainly focus on dazzler, gowns, sportswear modelling, talent, and personal interviews. Adult and teen pageants focus on makeup, hair and gowns, swimsuit modelling, and personal interviews. A winner of a beauty contest is often called a beauty queen. The rankings of the contestants are referred to equally placements.

Possible awards of beauty contests include titles, tiaras, crowns, sashes, bouquets, scepters, savings bonds, scholarships, and prize money. Some pageants have awarded college scholarships to the winner or to multiple runners-up.[16]

History [edit]

Early on years [edit]

Woman receiving an award for winning a dazzler pageant, 1922

Lonely Star State Selects Beauties for 100 Year Pageant[17]

European festivals dating back to the medieval era provide the almost direct lineage for dazzler pageants. For example, English May Day celebrations always had the selection of a May Queen. In the United States, the May Solar day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of beauty and community ideals continued, equally young, beautiful women participated in public celebrations.[18]

A beauty pageant was held during the Eglinton Tournament of 1839, organized by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won by Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset, and sister of Caroline Norton, and she was proclaimed equally the "Queen of Beauty".[19] [ unreliable source? ]

Entrepreneur Phineas Taylor Barnum staged the beginning modernistic American pageant in 1854, but his beauty contest was closed downwardly afterwards public protest.[20] [21]

National pageants [edit]

Beauty contests became more than popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of 'beauty queen' was awarded to an 18-year-former Creole contestant at a pageant in Spa, Kingdom of belgium. All participants had to supply a photo and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel.[22] Such events were not regarded as respectable. Dazzler contests came to be considered more respectable with the outset modern "Miss America" competition held in 1921.[23]

The oldest pageant still in operation today is the Miss America pageant, which was organized in 1921 by a local businessman as a means to entice tourists to Atlantic Metropolis, New Jersey.[24] The pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper dazzler contests in the "Inter-City Beauty" Competition, which was attended by over one hundred m people. Sixteen-twelvemonth-one-time Margaret Gorman of Washington, D.C., was crowned Miss America 1921, having won both the popularity and beauty contests, and was awarded $100.[25]

International pageants [edit]

Bathing beauty contest, U.s., 1920

In May 1920, promoter C.E. Barfield of Galveston, Texas organized a new event known as "Splash Twenty-four hours" on the island. The event featured a "Bathing Daughter Revue" competition as the centerpiece of its attractions.[26] [27] [28] [29] The issue was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually. The event quickly became known exterior of Texas and, get-go in 1926, the world's get-go international competition was added, known as the International Pageant of Pulchritude.[28] This contest is said to accept served as a model for modern pageants.[29] [30] [31] It featured contestants from England, Russia, Turkey, and many other nations and the championship awarded at the fourth dimension was known as "Miss Universe".[29] [32] The event was discontinued in the United States in 1932 because of the Depression (the international competition was revived briefly in Kingdom of belgium).[ citation needed ]

After World State of war II [edit]

The popularity of the Miss America pageant prompted other organizations to found like contests in the 1950s and across. Some were pregnant while others were fiddling, such equally the National Donut Queen contest. The Miss Earth contest started in 1951, Miss Universe started in 1952 equally did Miss Usa. Miss International started in 1960. Miss Asia Pacific International which started in 1968 is the start and oldest beauty pageant in Asia.[33] [34] The Miss Black America contest started in 1968[35] in response to the exclusion of African American women from the Miss America pageant. The Miss Universe Organization started the Miss Teen U.s.a. in 1983 for the 14-19 age group. Miss Earth started in 2001, which channels the beauty pageant amusement industry as an constructive tool to actively promote the preservation of the surround.[36] [37] These contests continue to this day.

Swimsuit contest [edit]

The requirement for contestants to clothing a swimsuit was a controversial aspect of the various competitions. The controversy was heightened with the increasing popularity of the bikini after its introduction in 1946. The bikini was banned for the Miss America contest in 1947 because of Roman Catholic protesters.[38] When the Miss World contest started in 1951, there was an outcry when the winner was crowned in a bikini. Pope Pius XII condemned the crowning every bit sinful,[39] [40] and countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates.[41] The bikini was banned for futurity and other contests. It was not until the late 1990s that they became permitted again,[24] but however generated controversy when finals were held in countries where bikinis (or swimsuits in general) were socially disapproved.[24] [42] For instance, in 2003, Vida Samadzai from Afghanistan acquired an uproar in her native country when she participated in the Miss Earth 2003 contest in a red bikini.[43] [44] She was condemned past the Afghan Supreme Court, saying such a brandish of the female torso goes against Islamic law and Afghan culture.[45] [46] In 2013, the swimsuit round of the Miss World contest was dropped because of Islamist protests in Bali (Indonesia), where the contest took place.[42] In 2014, the Miss World contest eliminated the swimsuit competition from its pageant.[47] In 2018, Miss America eliminated the swimsuit competition later 97 years. [1]

In 2017, Carousel Productions was criticized for objectifying women during the Miss Earth 2017 contest where delegates wore swimsuits during the upshot with their faces concealed by a veil in the Dazzler of Effigy and Class, a segment outset introduced in the Miss Philippines Earth 2017 pageant.[48] [49] [50] [51] It was one of the three preliminary judging segments of the pageant that include Poise and Dazzler of Face and Environmental and Intelligence Competition.[52] [48] The organizers defended the "beauty of figure and class" segment and released a statement that the said circular was intended to promote strict impartiality during pre-judging by focusing on the contestants' curves, execution and not beautiful face.[53] [49]

Major beauty pageants [edit]

The term "beauty pageant" refers largely to contests for women.[54] Major international contests for women include the yearly Miss Globe competition (founded by Eric Morley in 1951), Miss Universe (founded in 1952), Miss International (founded in 1960), and Miss Globe (founded in 2001 with ecology awareness as its business organization).[55] [56] [57] These are considered the Big 4 pageants, the four largest and most famous international beauty contests for single or unmarried women.[58] [59]

Founded Pageant Organizer Location Bikini allowed Bikini regulation
1951 Miss World Bebbien Arnolds Calicaran
Miss Globe Organisation		 London, England 1951–2014 1951: The get-go winner Kiki Håkansson from Sweden was crowned in a bikini. Countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates,[41] and Pope Pius XII condemned the crowning equally sinful.[39] [40]
1952: Swimsuits toned down to more small-scale designs.[24]
1996: Miss World contest was held in Bangalore, India, but the swimsuit circular was shifted to Seychelles because of intense protests.[60]
2013: The swimsuit round was dropped considering of Islamist protests in Bali, Indonesia, where the competition took place.[42]
2015: The Beach Fashion segment of the pageant was dropped.[61]
1952 Miss Universe William Morris Endeavor New York City 1997–present 1952: Bikinis banned.
1997: Contestants allowed to wear bikinis.[24]
1960 Miss International International Cultural Clan Tokyo, Japan 1960–nowadays 1964: Bikinis made mandatory.
2001 Miss Earth Carousel Productions Quezon City, Philippines 2003–present 2003: Vida Samadzai from Afghanistan participating in a bikini acquired an uproar in her native country.[62] [63] [64]
2017: The "Dazzler of Form and Figure" preliminary judging in Miss Earth 2017 was introduced where the delegates walked in white two-piece bikinis merely their faces were covered past a white veil to focus the judgment on the trunk figures on this portion.[65] [66]

Large Four dethronements and resignations [edit]

Dethronements and resignations are rare for the Big Four pageant winners, only when it does, it creates media attending.

The Miss Earth pageant has experienced 3 cases of dethronement or resignation instances:

  • In 1973, Marjorie Wallace from the United states, who was crowned Miss World and in one case stated that "as Miss Globe I tin become laid with any homo I pick", dated a string of celebrities including George Best.[67] She was dethroned 3 months after she was crowned.[68]
  • Later on being crowned Miss Wales and then Miss U.k., Helen Morgan, competed and won Miss World 1974.[69] [70] However she was discovered to be a mother[seventy] and was named in a divorce instance. This led to her resigning four days afterwards she was crowned.[seventy] She was replaced by commencement runner-up of South Africa, Anneline Kriel.[71]
  • Gabriela Brum of Frg had the shortest reign in Miss World history when she resigned her title xviii hours later on being crowned Miss Earth 1980.[67] [72] She indicated that her boyfriend disapproved of the contest, but information technology was subsequently revealed that she had posed for naked photographs; she afterward relocated to the The states and modelled nude for Playboy.[67] Second place Kimberley Santos of Guam replaced Brum past default.[73] [74]

In Miss Universe, Oxana Fedorova of Russian federation was crowned Miss Universe 2002 and was dethroned 4 months later as she was unable to fulfill her obligations.[75] [76] She was the first to be dethroned in the history of Miss Universe.[77] She was replaced by commencement runner-up Justine Pasek of Panama.[78] [79] In its early years, there were two instances where the reigning Miss Universe opted to resign from her position: Armi Kuusela, Miss Universe 1952 from Finland, who held the stardom of being the first Miss Universe winner gave up her crown in less than a yr to marry Filipino businessman Virgilio Hilario while Amparo Muñoz, Miss Universe 1974 of Spain refused to travel to Japan and instead resigned subsequently six months of her reign.[eighty] [81] [82] However, since the pageant had no physical dominion on resignation at that fourth dimension, they were allowed to keep their titles.[83]

In Miss Earth, the 2002 winner, Dzejla Glavovic of Bosnia and herzegovina was dethroned of her crown six months into her reign, subsequently she failed to testify up at several environmental events.[84] [85] According to Carousel Productions, organizer of the Miss Earth contest, Glavovic was dethroned because of "her inability to fulfill the duties and responsibilities as the Miss Earth titleholder, in accordance with the rules and regulations set forth in the Miss Earth contract that she signed."[86] [87] She was succeeded by offset runner-upward Winfred Omwakwe of Republic of kenya as Miss Earth 2002.[88]

In Miss International, Ikumi Yoshimatsu, Miss International 2012 was the first titleholder of the pageant from Japan to be dethroned shortly before the end of her reign.[89] [90] [91] She was ordered by the International Culture Clan (Miss International organizer) to skip the succession anniversary and "play ill and shut upwards" out of fright of scandal.[92] The Miss International organizer cited the reason for her dethronement was due to her involvement in a contract dispute with a talent agency in which she claimed that she was pressured to sign by Burning Productions, a moving picture production company which is rumored to be linked with the Japanese underworld, only she refused and went alee past starting her ain visitor.[93] Yoshimatsu filed criminal charges against one of Nihon's most powerful talent bureau executives, Genichi Taniguchi of Burning Productions, for allegedly stalking, intimidating, and harassing her.[94]

Diversity [edit]

Likewise the international dazzler pageants, numerous minor competitions exist throughout the world displaying the different perceptions of beauty. Some examples of criteria to select beauty queens that are unique to certain cultures include the Indian history and traditional arts and crafts skills in the Miss Indian American pageant,[95] Indian dress section in the Miss India The states pageant[96] and the principles of "black beauty" that became accepted in the Miss Howard University competition.[97] The winner is often viewed as a model for the "ideal" community fellow member.[98] Through the competitions, the contestants can learn how to present themselves in public and how to cultivate sure traits such every bit confidence or poise.[99] In some cases, the competitors are selected to act equally a representative on behalf of the community. In the African American community of Howard Academy, the selected Miss Howard University served equally advocates for the Ceremonious Rights Movement in the decades following the 1960s.[97] Additionally, the Miss Landmine competition situated in Angola allow victims to serve every bit advocates on behalf of other victims of mining accidents.[100]

Researchers suggest that the emergence of beauty pageants in countries outside the United states of america is linked to an economic boom geared towards a more consumeristic lifestyle. For example, in India, from 1996 to 2000, the personal care manufacture grew by 25% while the number of women applying for the Miss India contest increased from 1000 people in 1993 to 6500 people in 2001.[101] Additionally, after China hosted well-nigh 6 international dazzler pageants in 2004, the beauty industry increased in influence in the area. At the same time, the number of regional beauty pageants in the land increased.[102]

There is much diversity surrounding the beauty pageant industry at present and there take been many women out there who have been recognized to be the starting time crowned in their race. In 1983, Vanessa Williams, an American singer, actress and style designer gained recognition every bit being the first African American woman to receive the Miss America title. In 1945, Bess Myerson, an American politician, model and, television actress became the first Jew to win the Miss America championship in the Atlantic city and to this day she is the just Jew to accept received the crown. Her success in winning the championship was hugely symbolic and personal to the Jews at that time because it was during the midst of anti-semitism in Nazi Germany and therefore, she was idea to be ideal in the United states of america.[103] And then in 1991, Lupita Jones, a Mexican actress and television producer, became the first Mexican to win Miss Universe.

Criticism [edit]

The panel of judges for the 1973 Miss Amsterdam pageant

Critics of dazzler pageants debate that such contests reinforce the thought that girls and women should be valued primarily for their physical advent, and that this puts tremendous pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards past spending fourth dimension and money on mode, cosmetics, hair styling, and even cosmetic surgery. They say that this pursuit of physical beauty even encourages some women to diet to the bespeak of harming themselves.[104] [105] [106]

The London Feminist Network argues that rather than being empowering, beauty pageants do the opposite: denying women's full humanity by subjecting them to objectification, denying their full humanity by maintaining that their master purpose is to be attractive.[107]

Some other criticism is in the way beauty pageant is quantifiably scored as highlighted by the "Myth of the Perfect 10".[108] Beauty becomes a numerical coefficient in ranking contestants, and this type of scoring still remains followed as a system even in nationwide dazzler pageants such as Miss America.[109]

Researchers propose that these events strengthen skills, such as interpersonal communications, cocky-assurance, and public speaking, which prove to exist useful in future career paths.[110]

Some critics claim that even after beauty pageants became diverse by the end of the 20th century, in that location is still this misconception that the ideal image of traditional beauty is a white adult female.[111]

Scandals [edit]

In that location accept been numerous scandals in the beauty pageant industry and they proceed to emerge as beauty pageants are becoming more than known to the public. For instance, in December 2017, HuffPost published emails which were written by former Miss America CEO Sam Haskell. In these emails, the contestant speaks most other contestants and refers to them as "snakes". Due to these emails coming out to the public, the contestant resigned from her position.[112]

Laura Zuniga, former Miss Hispanic America was detained with her beau and six other people for the crimes of racketeering, drug trafficking, weapons violation and coin laundering. The group was caught by the law every bit they held many 9-mm handguns and roughly $53,000 in cash.[113]

At the Miss Teen U.s. 2007 pageant, Caitlin Upton gained international notoriety for her convoluted and nonsensical response to a question posed to her during the Baronial 2007 national pageant.[114] [115] During the pageant, host Aimee Teegarden asked: "Recent polls have shown a 5th of Americans can't locate the U.Southward. on a globe map. Why do you think this is?" Upton responded:

I personally believe that U.South. Americans are unable to do so because, uh, some, uh, people out at that place in our nation don't accept maps and, uh, I believe that our education similar such as in South Africa and, uh, the Iraq, everywhere like such as, and, I believe that they should, our pedagogy over hither in the U.Due south. should help the U.S., uh, or, uh, should help Due south Africa and should aid the Iraq and the Asian countries, and so nosotros volition be able to build up our future. For our children.[116] [117]

As a guest on NBC'due south The Today Show, Upton told Ann Back-scratch and Matt Lauer that she was overwhelmed when asked the question and did not comprehend it correctly.[118] [113]

Meet also [edit]

  • List of beauty queen-politicians
  • Swimsuit contest
  • Child dazzler pageant
  • Miss Captivity Pageant

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